Spaying & Neutering

Spaying and neutering — collectively 'desexing' — are among the most common veterinary procedures, and most owners will consider them at some point.

The terms. Neutering is a general word for desexing either sex, but in everyday use spaying refers to the surgical sterilisation of a female (typically removing the ovaries, or ovaries and uterus) and neutering or castration to that of a male (removing the testicles). Both are performed under general anaesthesia by a veterinarian.

Why owners do it. The primary reason is preventing unwanted litters, which reduces the number of homeless animals. Desexing also removes or reduces certain reproductive behaviours and can lower the risk of some conditions — for example, spaying eliminates the risk of a serious uterine infection called pyometra and can reduce certain other risks, while neutering prevents testicular disease.

It is not a simple universal good or bad. Research shows the effects on health and behaviour are nuanced and depend on species, breed, sex, and the age at which the procedure is done. For some large-breed dogs, for instance, the timing may influence certain joint or other health considerations. This is exactly why blanket rules are unhelpful.

Timing is individual. The best age to spay or neuter — or whether to do it at all — depends on the specific animal. Recommendations have evolved and differ by species and breed.

Because the decision and its timing genuinely depend on your individual pet, this is general information only — discuss the risks, benefits, and best timing for your specific animal with your veterinarian.